History Smiley or Emoticon

In this article I discuss the history of the smiley or emoticon. Maybe for my friends and colleagues, this contribution has often been seen or may have to know a lot. However, I hope that this contribution can increase our knowledge and ideas.

The presence of smileys and emoticons that are appropriate to the reader of blogs in their feelings about the comments they have written with more attractive to give expression. The same applies to the use of e-mail, chat, forums, social networking sites and other services. Another reader, who will also be easier to understand the feelings of the writer to avoid any misunderstandings that often arise when the author of a joke (free to do so), but wrongly interpreted as an insult by other readers.

For the (September 19, 1982 Scott Fahlman Kumputer science professor at the university. Carneige Mellon) BBOARD at (bulletin boards) CMU-CS-create messages with character sets that show an expression, so that when of birth is the beginning of the Smiley in cyberspace. Smiley is the first time a series of ASCII characters, like that :-) . Because of its shape as it looks, his head tilted to the left as shown by a smiling face if disebutlah smiley / emoticon.

After all this time it is not public, and finally succeeded in the post history was written by Jeff and Al Baird was held September 10, 2002 from a tape backup storage VAX spices (CMU-750X) which was used in the years 1981-1983.

In just a few months of its use through the dissemination of the ARPANET (the Internet for the first time) and Usenet. Creates a multitude of characters began to grow and smileys Scott, et al.

Use of this smiley has become widespread in the 80s and the social culture in cyberspace. And to this day is still widespread, but by different reflecting increasingly diversified. The form of a series of text smileys now replaced by the image of many small, a symbol, then the new term comes, namely, emotion emoticons (icons).

Newspaper

Forerunners of the newspaper have been realized in 59 BC. In Rome there is an announcement posted at the center of town to be known to all people. The announcement was called Acta diurna, the shape of the stone carvings. Based on the findings from the excavations in the ruins of the former city, note that the Acta diurna found to contain the announcement of the holding gladiatorial games. All experts agree that the diurnal Acta is an example of the first mass media. Newspapers are written on paper which is believed to be the oldest found in Peking, China. Estimated to be at 500 F, while newspapers with a better quality in print in Italy in 1600 AD the Gazette newspaper. The first newspaper in Indonesia arrived in 1659 and the second in 1712. printing is generally used by the Company for their own needs, for example to create a form letter of death. Until the late 19th century, all the papers officially adopted the government’s political line. A newspaper should be censored before publication. The beginning of the 20th century appeared the national press including the original field Prijaji weekly (1507) and later to a daily (1910), led by RM Tirto Adisoerjo, one of the pioneers of the Indonesian press.

Impact of Electronic Waste to The Environment and Health

Guiyu cities in mainland China is home to a cottage industry of 5500 to process the parts of the electronics used, known as e-waste (electronic waste). Based on data from local sites, the region annually process around 1.5 million pounds of waste consisting of waste computers, mobile phones and other electronic devices. The industry became a lucrative job opportunities for people in Guiyu.

Most mobile phones and old computer equipment can be dismantled and the metal components in it is recycled, but the running of this recycling process is safe requires a very long time. Therefore many electronics manufacturers are used to electronically send overseas, where these tools were burned regardless of the environment and human health in the vicinity.

Almost 90% of discarded electronic equipment is processed comes from outside China, particularly from the United States, the only industrial country that refused to sign the Basel treaty designed to regulate hazardous waste exports to developing countries for recycling.

They chose an electronic trash in Guiyu and other similar places in India and Africa region, because the cost is cheaper and easier mechanisms, where the company is not bound by the rules are strict recycling. Of electronic waste processing business, the site Guiyu reported annual revenue of about 75 million dollars.

They are processing electronic waste by separating each section and group them, then take the content of tin, gold, copper and other metals from circuit boards, cables, chips and other parts of electronic devices.

This small industry employing 10,000 people mostly under-age. It is conceivable result of the electronic components that contain mercury and toxins harmful to them. Health of the region Laporann mention Guiyu many children who suffer because of the high level of environmental pollution due to lead. Then, a report from the University of Shatou, Guiyu have high levels of cancer patients caused by the dioxins highest in the world and the increase in cases of miscarriage in pregnant women.

These industries produce a lot of environmental pollution because of waste processed, especially dust from burning coal is directly discharged into rivers and sewers of the city, causing pollution of water wells and ground water.

Given the above we may be more sensible and wise in buying and using electronics products, buy that suit their needs and also petimbangkan age pemakaiaanya, thus reducing the volume of waste generated. Purchased products from only perodusen producing environmentally friendly products.

Stroke

Stroke is a brain attack and a medical emergency. Immediately went to the doctor when one was suddenly experiencing the following symptoms:
- Weak or paralyzed the agency
- Taste the body numbness
- Disturbance talk
- Loss of vision
- Loss of balance

Stroke can be caused by many things, such as hypertension, heart disease, high cholesterol, diabetes mellitus (diabetes), obesity (overweight), smoking habits and alcohol is often a minimum. Hypertensive patients likely had a stroke four times greater than non-hypertensive patients. Generally, a stroke occurs in people aged 40 years and above.
One had a stroke should get immediate medical treatment. With appropriate therapy, is expected to damaged brain cells can still be saved. Stroke can be overcome, and can recover within 5-7 days. Although not the number one cause of death, stroke became the number one cause of disability. Opportunity to live relatively good stroke, but the quality of life deteriorate. This is due to defects that cause activity limitations and depression.

Why Lung Function Drops ???

Many of the reasons why lung function decline. Factors degenerative or age, is considered something normal, natural, or not very influential. The first triggers the decline in lung function is declining fitness or lung health. The easiest way to find out the condition of the lungs is to read the reaction of the body, such as the incidence of cough.

Because lung function are closely related to the respiratory system, it can not be removed from the influence of environments as the main supplier of oxygen requirement. Unfortunately, we can no longer choose to breathe clean air due to neighborhood already contaminated. Toxins from the factory and smoke filled the air vehicle is ready to breathe and fill your lungs. Not to mention the fine dust that brings basil, into the air pollutant most potential to cause coughing.

Factors pollutants like carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, may be difficult to avoid, but smoking should be stopped.

Given the body’s immune factors also affect overall decline in lung function, improving hidupsehat pattern must be applied from now on also, so we should consume a balanced nutritional menus and exercise.

Surgical Reconstruction of Skin

Surgical reconstruction is a surgery that specializes in the treatment of disabilities and disorders of the skin, soft tissue, skeletal and muscle. These defects can be caused by congenital abnormalities, infectious diseases, or accidents. One example of this surgery is a skin graft (skin transplantation) in patients who experience skin damage from burns or accidents.

Skin transplants generally are auto-transplant, the skin is derived from the same individual. This is done in an effort to improve the success of surgery is done to minimize the rejection reaction that can occur.
New methods used in skin transplantation, which is split skin graft and flap.

Split Skin Graft
Split skin graft was transplanted epidermal layer of skin that can be transferred freely. The skin is used can be from any part of the body, but generally comes from the thighs, buttocks, back or stomach. Hereinafter surface expanded by making slices that when stretched to form a mesh, so that the width can reach 1.5 and 6-9 times the size of the original. Transplant technique is called a mesh nets and usually used in large burns. To obtain maximum results, it would require several conditions including circulatory system in the recipient area (the area of skin graft received) should be good, no infection, and the general state of the patient should be good.

Flap
Flap is a tissue graft and soft tissue below the removed from the place of origin. Flap is moved to form a new bleeding in rersipien. Reconstruction surgery, among others, are often used to repair defects or defects arising from the accident. The application of this surgical technique used in nasal reconstruction, repair defects in the face of post-operation (eg abnormalities in cheek post operative tumor), and others.

Although the surgical reconstruction effort as possible using materials derived from patients own body, but there are times when it is not possible. Therefore, to support the surgical reconstruction efforts still are needed synthetic materials. The materials used and sebrlum implanted in the body must have certain conditions that include no or little reaction of the body, not magnetic, and does not conduct electricity. A common synthetic material used is silicone, acrylic, and mixed metals such as titanium.

Progress of surgical reconstruction which is one branch of surgery has provided a huge benefit for those who previously may have discouraged the kecacatanatau skin disorder he has. With this reconstruction surgery is expected to improve the quality of life and increase your confidence for the patient. Nevertheless still needed research and development techniques to obtain better results. It also needed a good socialization of these surgical techniques so that people can use this technique more widely

Stem Cells as a Therapy Treatment

Stem cells are cells that have some unique properties that distinguish it from the type of other cells. Stem cells are cells that are not specialized. This means that stem cells do not have a specific structure of a particular network that causes the cell has a specific function. Stem cells also have Traffic splitting and self-renew for a long time. Unlike muscle cells, blood cells, or nerve cells that normally do not replicate (reproduce) themselves, stem cells can replicate repeatedly. Traffic replicates repeatedly is called proliferation. In addition, stem cells can also be cells that are specialized, through a process called differentiation.
Research on stem cells not give knowledge about how an organism develops from a single cell and how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. Scientists are currently working mainly with two types of stem cells from animals and humans, the embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells is that stem cells derived from embryos, usually at the age of 3-5 days. In the phase called blastosit, stem cells in the tissue of the developing embryo and differentiate into replicating various types terspelisiasi cells, tissues and organs form the heart, lungs, skin, heart, and so on. In some adult tissues, like bone marrow, muscle, and brain, various adult stem cell population replacement cells that die due to old injuries or illness. Ses generally forming adult stem cell types according to the network where they are. For example, adult stem cells in the blood forming bone marrow cells to form red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Nevertheless a number of studies have shown that stem cells from one tissue can be a cell which is a kind of a very different tissue, a phenomenon called plasticity. Examples are blood cell plasticity into nerve cells and liver cells that can produce insulin, and hematopoietik stem cells that can develop into heart muscle.
Capabilities and unique nature of stem cells causes a mebuat scientists hypothesized that stem cells, at some point in the future, could be the basis for the treatment of various diseases. At present, the body tissues are damaged often replaced with donor organs and tissues. However, the need for organs and tissues for transplant far exceeds the available donors. stem cells when directed to differentiate into specific cell types, offering a source of replacement cells to treat diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, spinal cord damage, heart disease, diabetes, burns, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. For example, have been observed that stem cells in bone marrow transplantation into the damaged heart cells can form heart muscle cells and tissue can reshape the heart. Embryonic stem cells also proved to have Traffic to be directed to differentiate in cell culture into cells that produce insulin, which is useful in transplantation therapy for diabetics.
Although the potential of stem cell therapy for primary treatment of diseases is very large, is still required intensive research to ensure the success and safety of its use. To be useful for transplantation, scientists should be able to direct stem cells have the ability and the following characteristics.
- Berpoliferasi quickly and form a network in adequate amounts.
- To differentiate into cell types of the chill.
- Surviving the recipient’s body after the transplant.
- Integrate with surrounding tissue after transplant.
- Works well and as long as the transplant recipient’s life.
- No harm transplant recipients by any means.

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